Thyroid & Parathyroid
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Thyroid & Parathyroid
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Operative technique across the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
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Parathyroid Adenoma
Targeted Parathyroidectomy for Incidental Parathyroid Adenoma in a 10-Year-Old Female
A 10-year-old female presented with incidental hypercalcemia (12.9 mg/dL) and elevated PTH (137 pg/mL). High-resolution neck ultrasound localized a left lower parathyroid adenoma, followed by successful, uncomplicated parathyroidectomy with recurrent laryngeal nerve preservation.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Advanced Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Nodal and Distant Spread
A 60-year-old female presented with a symptomatic right neck mass confirmed on FNAC as Bethesda VI papillary thyroid carcinoma. Imaging demonstrated a TI-RADS 5 nodule with extensive ipsilateral cervical nodal metastases, suspected esophageal abutment, and sub-centimeter lung nodules. She underwent a successful total thyroidectomy with bilateral central and right lateral neck dissections; surgical pathology confirmed a 3.6 cm conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma involving 6 of 55 excised lymph nodes with extranodal extension.
Multinodular Goiter
Massive Multinodular Goiter With Retrosternal Extension in a Patient With Long-Standing Thyroid Disease
A massive multinodular goiter with retrosternal extension and compressive symptoms was treated by thyroidectomy, with benign nodular disease on histology.
Thyroid Nodules & Cysts
Tender Left Thyroid Swelling Due to Hemorrhagic Cyst in a Hyperplastic Nodule: A Benign Mimic of Thyroid Malignancy
A 45-year-old female presented with a complaint of neck swelling and tenderness, predominantly on the left side. The onset was recent and acute in character. She denied dysphagia, voice changes, systemic symptoms, or history of trauma. There was no significant past medical or surgical history. Clinical examination revealed an asymmetric enlargement of the left thyroid lobe with localized tenderness, without palpable lymphadenopathy.
Parathyroid Disease
Parathyroid Carcinoma and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Case of Recurrent Multinodular Goiter
A 70-year-old female presented for abdominal pain for one month duration, associated with a history of thyroid nodules and biochemical hyperparathyroidism. She was a known case of recurrent multinodular goiter, having undergone thyroid surgery approximately 30 years ago for a benign condition. On neck examination, there was noticeable thyroid enlargement. She had no history of renal stones, although renal function tests showed elevated levels, and both serum calcium and PTH were markedly increased.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Recurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Bilateral Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
A 35-year-old female presented with a history of thyroid disease of 3 years duration. She had undergone a thyroid operation three years prior for papillary thyroid carcinoma and had received radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy postoperatively. She reported no significant new symptoms at the time of presentation.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic Thyroid
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Malignancy in a 49-Year-Old Male
A 49-year-old male presented with a one-year history of anterior neck swelling. He was a non-smoker with no significant past medical history except for a previous hernia surgery. He had no history of medication use and no family history of thyroid disease or malignancy.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Coexisting Right Branchial Cleft Cyst in a 29-Year-Old Male
A 29-year-old male presented with a right submandibular swelling that had been progressively enlarging over the past five years. The swelling was painless and had no associated symptoms such as dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness, or systemic signs of infection. The patient’s past medical and surgical history was unremarkable, and there was no known family history of thyroid disease or neck masses.
Thyroid Nodules & Cysts
Exophytic Thyroid Mass Mimicking Paraganglioma in a 48-Year-Old Female
A 48-year-old female presented with a left-sided neck swelling noted incidentally, without associated symptoms such as pain, dysphagia, voice changes, or systemic complaints. On examination, the swelling was firm, round, and located on the left side of the neck. There were no signs of inflammation or tenderness.
Multinodular Goiter
Recurrent Multinodular Goiter in a Patient with Prior Thyroid Surgery
A 70-year-old male presented with a long-standing anterior neck swelling. On physical examination, the swelling was classified as grade III, large in size, firm, slightly mobile, and had a soft surface. The patient denied any significant symptoms such as dyspnea, dysphagia, or voice changes.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Pregnant Patient with Long-Standing Graves’ Disease
A 38-year-old female, previously diagnosed with Graves’ disease and on long-term anti-thyroid medication, presented for routine thyroid follow-up during her 15th week of pregnancy. She sought medical attention for dosage regulation of her anti-thyroid medication. On clinical examination, palpable thyroid nodules were noted, prompting further laboratory and imaging evaluations.
Multinodular Goiter
Long-Standing Neck Swelling Due to Multinodular Goiter with Retrosternal Extension
A 62-year-old female presented with a long-standing neck swelling that had been progressively increasing in size for more than 40 years. She is a non-smoker and has a history of hypertension.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Elevated Thyroglobulin in Postoperative Follow-up of Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC)
A 62-year-old male presented for postoperative follow-up after undergoing thyroid surgery in India in 2024 for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular variant, invasive, and non-encapsulated subtype. The pathology report had revealed two foci of the tumor, measuring 2.2 cm and 1.5 cm, with lymphovascular invasion. Additionally, three out of five lymph nodes examined showed metastasis with extranodal extension. The patient had a medical history of hypertension, for which he was on anti-hypertensive medication, and renal cell carcinoma. During the follow-up visit, his thyroglobulin level was found to be elevated, prompting further investigation to assess the possibility of recurrence or metastasis.
Revision & Post-Operative Thyroid
Recurrent Multinodular Goiter Post-Thyroid Surgery
A 67-year-old female presented for a post-thyroid surgery follow-up. She had undergone thyroid surgery in 2005 and now reported mild left-sided neck enlargement, though it did not cause significant pressure symptoms.
Anaplastic & Aggressive Carcinoma
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with High-Grade Papillary Components in a 72-Year-Old Female
A 72-year-old female presented with an anterior neck lesion for 4 years. She has a long history of smoking and a past medical history of kidney stones and a heart condition. Her past surgical history is unremarkable, and she is not on any regular medication. There is no significant family history. On physical examination, the patient was found to have a Grade 3 goiter.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic Thyroid
Asymptomatic Thyroglossal Duct Cyst In A 20 Years Old Male
A 20-year-old male presented with a two-week history of anterior neck swelling. He is a non-smoker and denies any associated symptoms such as pain, dysphagia, voice changes, or respiratory distress. His general condition is stable, and there are no signs of systemic infection or thyroid dysfunction.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic Thyroid
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) Arising from Thyroglossal Duct Cyst (TGDC)
A 33-year-old female presented with a 2-month history of anterior neck swelling. The swelling was painless and not associated with symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or systemic complaints. She reported no significant past medical or surgical history.
Revision & Post-Operative Thyroid
Management of a 58-Year-Old Female with Recurrent Multinodular Goiter (MNG)
A 58-year-old female presented for post-thyroid surgery follow-up. She has diabetes mellitus, and she is on treatment. She had a thyroid operation in 2003.
Thyroid Nodules & Cysts
A 46-year-old female, presented with a 3-month history of anterior neck swelling
A 46-year-old female, presented with a 3-month history of anterior neck swelling
Thyroglossal & Ectopic Thyroid
Management of a Complicated Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in a 5-Year-Old Child
A 5-year-old child presented with A submental swelling that had been present for approximately one year. He had a tonsillectomy about three years prior, with no other significant past medical history.
Parathyroid Disease
Management of a 50-Year-Old Female with Palpitation, Weight Loss, Eye Protrusion, and Incidental Parathyroid Adenoma
A 50-year-old female presented with palpitation, weight loss, and eye protrusion. Her past medical history is unremarkable, apart from hyperthyroidism for the past eight years while taking anti-thyroid medications. She has no surgical history.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
PTC: Total Thyroidectomy and Central and Lateral LN Neck Dissection
Management of a 27-Year-Old Female with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis
Multinodular Goiter
Cystic Nodule with Multinodular Goiter and Branchial Cleft Cyst
A 46-year-old female presented with painless right-sided neck swelling, which had been present for about one month. The patient had no significant past medical history, and there was no family history of thyroid cancer.
Thyroid Nodules & Cysts
Anterior Neck Swelling in a 3-Year-Old Female
A 3-year-old female presented with an anterior neck swelling of unspecified duration. She had no associated symptoms, and her thyroid function tests were within normal limits, with a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level of 0.98 and free thyroxine (FT4) of 18.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic Thyroid
Hypothyroidism and Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in a 22-Year-Old Female
A 22-year-old female presented with an anterior neck mass of unknown duration. She had no known history of thyroid dysfunction before presentation.
Anaplastic & Aggressive Carcinoma
Incidental Finding of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma in a 67-Year-Old Female
A 67-year-old female presented with persistent anterior neck swelling for the past 10 years. Her medical history was notable for diabetes, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism. Preoperative investigation revealed low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and elevated free thyroxine (FT4) levels, indicative of hyperthyroidism. The calcium level was within normal limits. Upon physical examination, a large goiter was visibly prominent.
Revision & Post-Operative Thyroid
Post-Thyroidectomy Sinus Formation in a 34-Year-Old Female
A 34-year-old female presented with a chronic anterior neck lesion that had been present for 20 years following a thyroidectomy. The patient had no significant past medical history and was on Thyroxine (50µg) once daily.
Revision & Post-Operative Thyroid
Recurrent Multinodular Goiter in a 61-Year-Old Female
A 61-year-old female presented to the Smart Surgical Team with a recurrent large goiter, which she had previously undergone surgery for 30 years ago. Her past medical history was unremarkable, and her only surgical history was the previous thyroid surgery. She was on Thyroxine 100mcg twice per week.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic Thyroid
Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in a 35-Year-Old Female
A 35-year-old female presented with a noticeable anterior neck swelling. She was referred to the Smart Surgical Team for a comprehensive thyroid evaluation. The patient had no significant past medical or surgical history.
Parathyroid Disease
Parathyroid Cyst in a 46-Year-Old Female
A 46-year-old female presented with a one-week history of dysphagia, generalized body weakness, and associated sweating. There were no additional symptoms, and the patient had no significant past medical or surgical history. On physical examination, there were no remarkable findings.
Thyroid Nodules & CystsTeaching
Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TIRADS)
Ultrasound features: Scoring is determined five categories. The higher the cumulative score, the higher the TR and the high the likelihood of malignancy.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic ThyroidTeaching
48-Year-Old Female Complaining of Neck Swelling
Well defined 2-3mm wall thickness complex cyst of 32*25*18mm in Lt side of midline level of hypoid bone to the upper part of thyroid cartilage, contain 19*12*15mm well defined lobulated surface iso echoic to thyroid tissue mural nodule with microcalcification and mildly vascular on color doppler.
Thyroid Nodules & Cysts
Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis Progressing to a Thyroid Abscess
A 67-year-old female presented with a painful anterior neck swelling lasting for one week. Her past medical history was notable for diabetes, but family, surgical, and drug histories were unremarkable.
Thyroid & ParathyroidTeaching
Thyroid Anatomy
The thyroid gland is endocrine producing thyroid hormone, located in mid line of anterior neck, lies in the visceral space completely enveloped by pre-tracheal fascia, extends from level C5 to T1 and lies anterior to the thyroid- cricoid cartilages and the first 5-6 tracheal rings.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic ThyroidTeaching
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst (TGDC)
The most common congenital cervical anomaly, with a 7% population prevalence, forming anywhere along the thyroid's route of migration between the tongue and the inferior neck.
Thyroglossal & Ectopic ThyroidTeaching
Agenesis of Thyroid Gland
Thyroid agenesis is the complete absence of the thyroid gland from birth.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hyperfunctioning Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
A 40-year-old male presented with symptoms of palpitations, excessive sweating, and weight loss for a one-month duration. The patient reported no significant past medical history, surgical history, or family history.